Greg Detre
5/5/00
big brain create new levels of complexity when dealing with others
cognitive adaptations to co-operation (Cosmides + Tooby, 1994)
sensitivity to cues indicating exchange is being offered
capacity to estimate CBA of various actions, entities, states of affairs for self
The Wason (1966) selection task, P � Q
we haven't evolved to solve logical problems:
we�ve evolved to deal with people and social rules
Cosmides + Tooby
availability predicts vs social contract theory
We have language � why?
Prisoners� Dilemma � best = tit for tat (depends on whether iterated/remembered)
cheats can only operate in a large population
Swedish animal theorists (Enquist + Leimar)
what happens if gossip about the free rider?
� chances to cheat
talk mostly about personal relationshiop
to analyse social behaviour, need to think about context and audience
most interactions = with friends or family
Sense modalities and channels of communication
visual auditory tactile chemical
speech/language
voice qualities (pitch, timing, intonation, stress, accent, tone)
eyes (gaze direction)
face
posture
gesture (not very British, as opposed to Italian)
appearance
space
smell (armpit hair to waft signals)
Why communicate non-verbally?
>1 thing at a time
advantages of �signs� for relatively stable attributes (appearance �/span> identity)
relative power of non-verbal signals
implicit nature of non-verbal signals (delicate negotiation)
problem of deception + relative reliability of non-verbal �evidence�
What is communicated non-verbally?
emotions/mood/affect
inter-personal attitudes (respect, superiority, boredom)
personality
social identity + status
role-switching in interaction
not big gaps or overlaps in conversation (gaze patterns, looking away, at each other for < 3 seconds)
Facial expression of feeling: issues
what range of emotional states can be expressed facially?
how is the face able to convey this information?
is the information conveyed reliable?
when does the face express feelings?
Johnson-Laird/Wason
dictionary: 590 feeling words
40 people posing emotions � observers could only distinguish 8
make systematic mistakes in recognition of emotion
Ekman � 6 or 7 facial expressions
unless we provide extra information
innate knowledge of how to make faces?
or is it an acquired convention/code?
if innate, why are they there?
Darwin 1872, Expression of emotions in man and animals
evolutionary origins of tears � lions eating children, eyes mist over not evolutionary advantage(???)
the principle of direction action of the nervous system
the principle of serviceable associated habits
e.g. disgust: bite/vomit
the principle of habits
fear = opposite of aggression
he didn't think that facial expression is adaptive (like male nipples)
Ekman principle claims:
6-7 basic emotions
connection between facial expression and emotions via facial affect programme
the expressions are innate and universals
any human can potentially recognise the emotional state of my others
(can't mix gestures + facial expressions � head nod in Bulgaria)
emotions are reactions to inter-personal events
\ involve interpretation, culturally-relative meanings
emotional expressions may be managed according to local display rules
most studies: decoding approach
Ekman showed that people are pretty good at recognising universal expression
but his samples came from cosmopolitan, city-dwelling samples
Moranine � hat stand superiority study
the problem with the face-emotion recognition studies is that there may be various dynamic, contextual, idiosyncratic cues that are missed out, plus the difficulty of pretending visible emotion